Common medical conditions linked to a fatty neck
A fatty neck, sometimes referred to colloquially as a “buffalo hump,” is an accumulation of fat between the shoulders and at the base of the neck. While sometimes linked to general weight gain, it can also be a tell-tale sign of a more serious underlying medical condition. It's important to differentiate between general fat deposits and those caused by a specific disease, which often come with other symptoms.
Cushing's syndrome
One of the most well-known causes of a fat neck is Cushing's syndrome. This is a rare condition that occurs when your body is exposed to high levels of cortisol for a prolonged period. Cortisol is a hormone that helps the body respond to stress. Symptoms of Cushing's syndrome include:
- A characteristic rounded face, often called a "moon face."
- A fatty lump, or buffalo hump, on the back of the neck and between the shoulders.
- Central obesity, with thinner arms and legs.
- Pink or purple stretch marks on the abdomen, thighs, breasts, and arms.
- Muscle weakness and fatigue.
- High blood pressure.
- Mood changes, including depression and anxiety.
Cushing's syndrome can be caused by the body's overproduction of cortisol due to a tumor on the adrenal or pituitary glands, or it can be caused by the long-term, high-dose use of corticosteroid medications.
Madelung's disease
Madelung's disease, also known as multiple symmetric lipomatosis, is a rare disorder characterized by the growth of large, non-cancerous fat deposits (lipomas). These fatty tumors commonly appear around the neck, shoulders, and upper arms, and can give the appearance of a fat neck or buffalo hump. The disease is most common in adult males between 30 and 70 with a history of excessive alcohol consumption, though it can affect others as well.
Because these lipomas can grow quite large, they may press on surrounding tissues, causing difficulty with swallowing, breathing, or speaking.
Lipodystrophy
Lipodystrophy refers to a group of rare syndromes that cause an abnormal distribution of fat throughout the body. A person with this condition may lose fat from certain areas, such as the face or limbs, while accumulating it in others, including the neck and upper back. This can be either a genetic condition or acquired later in life. Some types of lipodystrophy are linked to HIV treatment with certain antiretroviral drugs.
Other contributing factors and related symptoms
While Cushing's, Madelung's, and lipodystrophy are specific medical conditions, several other factors can contribute to fat accumulation in the neck area.
- Obesity: Generalized obesity or being overweight can lead to fat deposits throughout the body, including the neck. This is often the most common cause. Excess neck fat is also associated with a higher risk of heart disease and diabetes.
- Long-term medication use: Besides corticosteroids, some other medications can cause fat redistribution, including certain protease inhibitors used to treat HIV.
- Genetics: An individual's genetics can influence where their body stores fat. If other family members have a tendency to accumulate fat in the neck area, it may be a hereditary trait.
- Hypothyroidism: An underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism) can cause weight gain and puffiness, which may contribute to a fatter neck. This condition is also associated with fatigue, cold sensitivity, and dry skin.
Differential diagnosis: Buffalo hump vs. Dowager's hump
It is essential not to confuse a fatty buffalo hump with a dowager's hump, a condition known medically as kyphosis. While both can create a bump on the back of the neck, their causes are entirely different. A dowager's hump is a spinal curvature, typically caused by osteoporosis, and involves a bone deformity, not a fat deposit. A healthcare provider can determine the precise cause through a physical examination and imaging tests.
| Feature | Buffalo Hump (Dorsocervical Fat Pad) | Dowager's Hump (Kyphosis) |
|---|---|---|
| Cause | Excessive fat accumulation | Spinal curvature due to osteoporosis |
| Composition | Soft, dense fatty tissue | Bony protrusion from the spine |
| Associated Conditions | Cushing's syndrome, Madelung's disease, certain medications | Osteoporosis, poor posture |
| Feel | Soft, doughy, or rubbery | Hard and bony |
| Other Symptoms | Variable, depending on the underlying cause | Back pain, reduced height, potential nerve issues |
When to see a doctor
If you notice the sudden appearance or growth of a fatty lump on your neck, especially if it is accompanied by other symptoms like unexplained weight gain, muscle weakness, or changes in mood, you should consult a healthcare provider. A medical professional can conduct a thorough evaluation, which may include blood tests to check hormone levels or imaging studies to differentiate between a fat deposit and a bone abnormality. Proper diagnosis is the first step toward managing the underlying condition effectively.
For more information on the various conditions that affect the endocrine system, consult the National Institutes of Health (NIH): https://www.nih.gov/
Conclusion
While a fat neck can result from general weight gain, it can also be a significant indicator of serious medical conditions such as Cushing's syndrome, Madelung's disease, or lipodystrophy. Accurate diagnosis by a medical professional is key to determining the best course of treatment and managing any related health issues. If you are concerned about a fatty lump on your neck, do not ignore it—seek medical advice to understand the cause and address it appropriately.
