The dangers of improper hand drying
Many people think that once hands are washed with soap and water, the job is done. However, this is only half the battle. Thorough and proper drying is a critical, often-overlooked step in the hand hygiene process. When hands are left damp, they create a moist environment that allows bacteria to thrive and multiply. A wet surface also makes it far easier for germs to transfer from your skin to other surfaces you touch, a process known as cross-contamination.
In addition to fostering bacterial growth, certain drying methods can actively re-contaminate your hands. Using a contaminated surface for drying can negate the benefits of a thorough wash, leaving you with dirtier hands than when you started. For instance, drying your hands on clothing or a shared, dirty apron is one of the most unhygienic methods available and can significantly increase the bacterial count on your skin.
A closer look at common hand-drying methods
Paper towels
Single-use paper towels are widely considered the most hygienic method for hand drying, especially in high-traffic or high-risk environments like hospitals. They work by combining absorption and friction, physically removing microbes along with moisture. Studies have consistently shown that paper towels can efficiently dry hands and effectively remove bacteria, while also causing less washroom contamination compared to many electric hand dryers. Using a paper towel to turn off the faucet and open the door handle is a best practice to avoid re-contaminating your hands.
Electric hand dryers
The hygiene of electric hand dryers is a topic of much debate. They can be broken down into two main types:
- Warm air dryers: These older models primarily use evaporation and are significantly slower than other methods, taking up to 45 seconds or more to achieve sufficient dryness. The long drying time often leads to people walking away with damp hands, which still poses a risk of germ transfer. Some research also suggests that rubbing your hands together under a warm air dryer can increase the number of bacteria brought to the surface of the skin.
- High-speed jet dryers: While faster, these devices can disperse bacteria and viruses from inadequately washed hands into the air and onto surrounding surfaces. One study found that a jet air dryer could disperse viruses over a much greater distance and in higher quantities compared to paper towels. This makes them a concern in sensitive environments like healthcare and food service. Some modern units now include HEPA filters to mitigate this risk, but the potential for airborne contamination remains.
Shared cloth towels
In public or communal settings, shared cloth towels, typically on a roller dispenser, pose a clear hygiene risk. The portion of the towel that is exposed and used can harbor germs from previous users. If the towels are not changed frequently, they can lead to cross-contamination, making them an unhygienic option.
Drying on clothing or aprons
Perhaps the most inappropriate method, drying your hands on your clothes or apron is a major hygiene misstep. Your clothing is a source of contamination, with bacteria able to survive on fabrics for hours. After washing your hands to remove germs, wiping them on your clothes essentially re-contaminates them with whatever bacteria your clothing has picked up from surfaces throughout the day.
Comparison of hand-drying methods
| Method | Hygiene Factor | Speed | Environmental Impact | Key Drawbacks |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Single-Use Paper Towels | High (Removes bacteria via friction) | Fast | Higher waste, but recyclable options exist | Can be wasteful; requires regular stocking |
| High-Speed Jet Dryers | Low to Moderate (Aerosolizes germs) | Very Fast | Lower waste | Disperses bacteria; noisy; user technique matters |
| Warm Air Dryers | Low (Can increase bacteria with rubbing) | Slow | Lower waste | Inefficient; people often don't dry thoroughly |
| Shared Cloth Towels | Very Low (Harbors germs from multiple users) | Varies | Reusable, but requires washing | High risk of cross-contamination |
| Clothing/Apron | Extremely Low (Re-contaminates hands) | Fast (but unhygienic) | None | Negates handwashing; major cross-contamination risk |
Best practices for complete hand hygiene
To ensure your hand hygiene is as effective as possible, follow these best practices:
- Choose wisely: If given a choice, opt for single-use paper towels, especially in public places, as they are generally the most hygienic option.
- Use air dryers correctly: If using an air dryer, follow the manufacturer's instructions. For warm air dryers, avoid rubbing your hands, as this can bring bacteria to the surface. Hold your hands still until completely dry. Ensure you dry your hands completely, even if it takes longer.
- Avoid the biggest mistakes: Never use clothing, aprons, or shared cloth towels. These practices undermine your handwashing efforts and increase the risk of spreading germs to yourself and others.
- Take care of your skin: Frequent handwashing and drying can cause skin irritation. Using a gentle cleanser, avoiding overly hot water, and applying a moisturizer afterward can help maintain skin health.
- Finish the job: After drying, use a paper towel to turn off the faucet and open the restroom door to avoid re-contamination.
Conclusion
Effective hand hygiene is a two-part process: washing and proper drying. While washing removes germs, drying prevents their transfer. The answer to which is not appropriate for drying hands is clear: dirty clothing, shared cloth towels, and improper air dryer use are major missteps that can negate all your washing efforts. By making informed choices, such as opting for single-use paper towels or using air dryers correctly, you can dramatically improve your personal hygiene and help reduce the spread of germs in the wider community. For more guidance on proper handwashing techniques, consult reliable sources like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
