Understanding the difference between deferral and unsuccessful donation
Many people confuse a donor deferral with an unsuccessful donation, but they are distinct events in the blood collection process. A deferral happens during the initial screening process, before any blood is drawn, and results in a prospective donor being prevented from giving blood. This could be due to factors like low iron levels, recent travel to certain areas, or taking specific medications. A deferral means the person was not eligible to donate at that specific time.
In contrast, an unsuccessful donation occurs after a person has passed the screening and the collection process has begun. This is when an issue, either with the donor or the equipment, prevents the full required amount of blood from being collected successfully. It is important for donors to recognize this distinction, as it clarifies the reason for the outcome and can influence when they might be eligible to donate again.
Common reasons for an unsuccessful blood donation
There are several factors that can cause a donation to be unsuccessful, and they can be broadly categorized into procedural, donor-related, and equipment-related issues.
Procedural complications
- Failed or difficult venipuncture: The most common cause. The phlebotomist may have difficulty finding or sticking the vein correctly, or the needle may shift or go through the vein during the donation. This can lead to the process being stopped before enough blood is collected.
- Slow blood flow: In some cases, the blood flow from the donor is too sluggish to complete the collection within the required time frame. This can be caused by dehydration, anxiety, or the positioning of the needle. Blood banks have strict time limits to ensure the quality of the blood, and if the donation takes too long, it will be considered unsuccessful.
Donor-related issues
- Vasovagal reaction: This is a common adverse reaction where the donor experiences a sudden drop in heart rate and blood pressure, leading to dizziness, sweating, and fainting. If this occurs during the donation, the procedure is stopped immediately to ensure the donor's safety.
- Intermittent blood flow: Interruptions in the blood flow can happen if the donor's arm is moved or the vein collapses. This can make it impossible to collect the full volume required, leading to the donation being discontinued.
- Dehydration: Donors are advised to drink plenty of fluids before donating. If a donor is not properly hydrated, it can affect blood volume and pressure, leading to slow or stopped flow.
Equipment-related problems
- Equipment malfunction: While rare, technical issues with the collection equipment, such as a broken centrifuge during apheresis or a machine breaking down, can result in an unsuccessful donation.
- Blood clotting in the tubing: In some instances, the blood may clot in the collection bag or tubing before the process is complete. The anticoagulant in the bag should prevent this, but if it fails, the donation must be stopped and the blood discarded.
Comparison: Unsuccessful Donation vs. Deferral
| Feature | Unsuccessful Donation | Deferral (Temporary) | Deferral (Permanent) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Timing | Happens during the blood collection process. | Happens during the initial screening. | Happens during the initial screening. |
| Cause | Issues during the procedure itself (e.g., poor vein access, slow flow, reaction). | Failed to meet eligibility criteria (e.g., low hemoglobin, recent illness, medication use). | Medical history permanently disqualifies the donor (e.g., certain chronic illnesses, infectious diseases). |
| Outcome | Blood is not collected or is discarded. | Donor is turned away before donation begins. | Donor is permanently excluded from donating. |
| Donor Experience | Can be uncomfortable, but often physically minor. May be frustrating. | Can be disappointing, but has no physical impact related to the donation attempt. | Can be upsetting, but is final. |
| Next Steps | Donors can usually attempt to donate again soon, sometimes the next day for procedural issues. | Wait a specified time period (e.g., 28 days for low hemoglobin, 1 year for a tattoo). | Cannot donate blood ever again. |
What happens after an unsuccessful donation?
If your blood donation is unsuccessful, the staff at the blood center will follow a specific protocol to ensure your safety and address the situation. First and foremost, the phlebotomist will remove the needle and apply pressure to the donation site to prevent bruising and control any bleeding. They will check on your well-being, especially if you had a vasovagal reaction.
Depending on the reason for the unsuccessful attempt, the staff will provide you with information on when you can try to donate again. For a minor procedural issue like a failed needle stick, you may be able to try again in a day or two. If you experienced a more significant adverse reaction, you may have a longer wait period. Importantly, the blood collected, even a small amount, is typically discarded to prevent any issues with transfusion safety.
How to prepare to reduce the risk of an unsuccessful donation
While some factors are out of your control, there are several steps you can take to minimize the chances of an unsuccessful donation and have a more comfortable experience:
- Stay hydrated: Drink plenty of water or other non-caffeinated fluids in the 24 hours leading up to your donation. Being well-hydrated helps your blood flow smoothly.
- Eat a nutritious meal: Eat a healthy meal within a few hours of your donation. This helps maintain your energy and blood sugar levels.
- Get enough rest: A good night's sleep beforehand can help reduce anxiety and the risk of a vasovagal reaction.
- Use relaxation techniques: If you feel nervous, try deep breathing exercises or other relaxation methods. Some donors find it helpful to listen to music or talk to a friend.
- Wear comfortable clothing: Loose, comfortable clothes with sleeves that can be pushed up easily will make the process smoother.
The importance of a resilient donor base
Even with the possibility of an unsuccessful donation, the need for blood remains constant. Blood centers rely on a consistent and resilient donor base to maintain a steady and sufficient supply of blood products. A negative experience, while frustrating, should not deter a donor from returning once they are medically able and comfortable. Blood centers work continuously to improve donor experiences and reduce the rate of unsuccessful donations. By following the preparation guidelines and being informed, donors can help contribute to a safer and more efficient blood supply.
Your attempt to donate, even if unsuccessful, is a vital part of the system. It demonstrates a willingness to help and contributes to the overall pool of potential donors. For more information on donation eligibility and preparation, you can visit the American Red Cross website at https://www.redcrossblood.org.
Conclusion
An unsuccessful blood donation is a specific event that occurs during the collection process due to a procedural, donor-related, or equipment-related issue. It is different from a deferral, which happens during the screening phase. While frustrating, it is typically a minor setback that does not indicate a permanent inability to donate. By understanding the reasons behind it and taking preventative steps, donors can increase the likelihood of a successful donation in the future. The commitment of repeat donors, even those with past unsuccessful attempts, is critical for maintaining a robust blood supply for those in need.
