Understanding the 5D's of Bystander Intervention
Developed and popularized by the non-profit organization Right To Be (formerly Hollaback!), the 5D's of intervention provide a toolkit of strategies for individuals to use when they witness a person being targeted or harassed. These methods empower witnesses to act, preventing or de-escalating situations rather than standing by passively. While often associated with public harassment, these principles are versatile and can be applied in many scenarios, from addressing disrespectful comments in the workplace to intervening in a friend's risky behavior. The framework acknowledges that not every situation allows for a single type of response and that personal safety is paramount, offering a range of tactics to match a bystander's comfort level and the context of the incident.
Direct: Speaking Up When It's Safe
The "Direct" method is the most confrontational approach within the 5D's. It involves addressing the harmful behavior head-on and clearly communicating that it is unacceptable.
This method should only be used when it is safe to do so, and the potential for escalation is low. It is most effective when the intervention is brief and to the point.
How to use the Direct approach:
- State clearly and calmly, “That’s not okay.”
- Focus on the behavior, not on name-calling or judging the person causing harm.
- Keep sentences short and firm, such as, “Please leave them alone.”
- Shift your attention to the person being targeted after the initial statement to de-escalate interaction with the harasser.
Example: You overhear a coworker making a prejudiced comment. You could say, “Hey, that’s an inappropriate comment. Let’s stick to the topic at hand.”
Distract: Interrupting the Situation
Distraction is an indirect and often subtle method designed to interrupt a harmful situation and divert the attention of those involved. This approach is particularly useful when a direct confrontation feels unsafe or unlikely to be effective.
The goal is not to confront the harm directly but to create a diversion that gives the targeted person a chance to disengage.
How to use the Distract approach:
- Pretend to know the person being harassed and greet them with excitement.
- Accidentally drop something, like a bag or a pile of keys, to create a loud noise and disrupt the flow of the interaction.
- Ask for directions or the time, pulling the attention of one or both parties away from the incident.
- Create a simple, unrelated interruption that breaks the tension.
Example: You witness a person being harassed on public transport. You could walk up and say, “Excuse me, do you know what time the next stop is?” to create a brief disruption.
Delegate: Involving Others
The "Delegate" method involves seeking help from a third party who is better positioned to intervene safely. This could be an authority figure or another bystander. This is a crucial option when direct intervention is too risky or when the situation requires professional help.
How to use the Delegate approach:
- Approach an authority figure, such as a store manager, bus driver, or event security, and discreetly explain the situation.
- Enlist the help of other bystanders. You can point out the situation to them and suggest a group approach, such as, “Can you help me? I think that person over there needs assistance.”
- In emergencies, this means calling 911 or the appropriate authorities.
Example: You notice a visibly intoxicated person becoming aggressive at a bar. Instead of intervening yourself, you inform the bartender or bouncer of the situation.
Delay: Checking In After the Fact
The "Delay" method is a post-incident strategy used when it was not possible or safe to intervene in the moment. This approach focuses on providing support to the person who was targeted, reminding them that they are not alone and what happened was not their fault.
How to use the Delay approach:
- Wait until the situation has ended and the person causing harm has left.
- Approach the targeted person and ask if they are okay.
- Let them know that you saw what happened and that it was unacceptable.
- Offer concrete support, such as sitting with them, walking them to their car, or helping them report the incident.
Example: After a tense meeting where a colleague was unfairly criticized, you wait for the colleague to be alone and say, “I just wanted to check in. I saw what happened in there and thought it was uncalled for. I’m here if you need to talk.”
Document: Creating a Record Responsibly
Documentation involves creating a record of the incident, either through video or written notes. This can be a powerful tool for accountability, especially if legal action is pursued.
This method should only be used responsibly, prioritizing the targeted person's safety and wishes.
How to use the Document approach:
- First, assess if anyone else is already intervening directly. If not, use one of the other 5D's.
- If you decide to document, do so from a safe distance.
- Record details like the time, date, location, and a description of the people involved.
- Do not post the documentation online without the express consent of the person who was targeted. Unauthorized posting can cause further trauma and legal complications.
- After the incident, find the targeted person and offer the footage to them, asking what they would like to do with it.
Example: During a protest, you see a peaceful protester being harassed. You document the interaction on your phone from a safe distance. Later, you find the person and offer them the footage for their records.
Choosing the Right 'D' for the Situation
Selecting the best intervention strategy depends on several factors, including your own safety, the safety of the targeted individual, and the context of the situation. The 5D's are not a rigid hierarchy but a flexible set of tools.
Key factors to consider:
- Safety First: Your personal safety and the safety of the person being targeted is the highest priority. If a direct approach could escalate the situation and put you or others at risk, choose an indirect method.
- Context Matters: Consider the environment. What works in a crowded public space might not be appropriate in a closed-door meeting.
- Individual Comfort: Know your limits. It's okay to choose a less confrontational method if it's more aligned with your comfort level and skill set. Even an indirect intervention is far more helpful than doing nothing at all.
Direct vs. Indirect Intervention: When to Use Each
| Feature | Direct Intervention | Indirect Intervention (Distract, Delegate, Delay) |
|---|---|---|
| Confrontation Level | High | Low to Medium |
| Safety Risk | Potentially higher | Generally lower |
| Goal | To stop the behavior immediately | To interrupt or de-escalate the situation without direct confrontation |
| Best Used When... | The situation is low-risk, and a clear, firm message is needed. | The situation is high-risk, or when an indirect approach is likely to be more effective. |
| Example | Saying "Stop, that's inappropriate." | Spilling a drink to create a diversion. |
The Power of the 5D's in Promoting General Health
Beyond preventing specific acts of harassment, the widespread adoption of the 5D's framework contributes to a culture of empathy and care that has a positive impact on general health. By empowering individuals to intervene, it reduces the trauma experienced by those targeted by harm and counters the social isolation that can result from such experiences. Active bystandership can also improve the mental and emotional well-being of the bystander, fostering a sense of agency and purpose. Understanding and practicing these skills builds healthier, safer, and more supportive communities for everyone. For further reading and training resources on bystander intervention, visit Right To Be.
Conclusion: Your Role as an Active Bystander
Being an active bystander is a powerful way to promote public health and safety. The 5D's of intervention provide a clear and flexible guide for acting in potentially harmful situations. Whether you choose to be Direct, Distract, Delegate, Delay, or Document, your decision to act makes a significant difference. By learning and practicing these skills, you can help create a world where harmful behavior is not tolerated and everyone feels supported and safe.
