Understanding the osteopathic philosophy
At its core, osteopathic medicine is based on four key principles that guide a DO's practice. These tenets, developed by the founder of osteopathic medicine, Andrew Taylor Still, emphasize the body's interconnectedness and its inherent capacity for self-healing. This philosophical foundation means that when a DO treats a patient, they look beyond the presenting symptoms to consider how the patient's lifestyle, environment, and body systems are all working together.
The four tenets of osteopathic medicine
- The body is a unit; the person is a unit of body, mind, and spirit. This tenet emphasizes the holistic view of the patient. Rather than treating a specific illness in isolation, a DO considers how all aspects of a person's life and health influence each other. For example, a stress-related headache may be treated by addressing lifestyle factors rather than simply providing pain medication.
- The body is capable of self-regulation, self-healing, and health maintenance. Osteopathic physicians believe the body has powerful natural healing abilities. Their role is to facilitate these processes by removing barriers to health and helping the body find its own balance.
- Structure and function are reciprocally interrelated. This principle is a cornerstone of osteopathic care. The idea is that if the musculoskeletal system—the body's bones, muscles, nerves, and soft tissues—is healthy and properly aligned, the body will function optimally. Conversely, a problem with one part of the body's structure can impair function elsewhere.
- Rational treatment is based upon an understanding of the basic principles of body unity, self-regulation, and the interrelationship of structure and function. DOs apply a rational, evidence-based approach to treatment, but their strategies are informed by the unique osteopathic perspective. They combine conventional medical practices with a holistic, patient-centered focus.
The distinctive practice of Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment (OMT)
One of the most significant differences between a DO and a traditional MD is the additional training in Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment (OMT). All DOs complete hundreds of hours of training in this hands-on technique during medical school.
What is OMT?
OMT is a series of gentle, hands-on techniques used to diagnose, treat, and prevent a wide range of illnesses and injuries. By using their hands to apply light pressure, stretching, and resistance, DOs can assess and correct musculoskeletal imbalances. OMT is often used to treat conditions such as:
- Lower back pain
- Neck pain
- Headaches and migraines
- Carpal tunnel syndrome
- Asthma and sinus disorders
- Menstrual pain
How does OMT work?
During an OMT session, a DO may palpate—or feel—your body's living anatomy to identify areas of restricted motion or tissue texture changes. The techniques they use are designed to restore proper motion, improve circulation, and help the body's natural healing mechanisms. This can lead to pain relief, improved mobility, and enhanced overall function.
OMT techniques include:
- Myofascial Release: Relaxing tight muscles and fascia (connective tissue) to improve blood flow and ease pain.
- Muscle Energy: Using a patient's muscle contractions to lengthen and relax a tight muscle, improving range of motion.
- Cranial Osteopathy: Applying gentle pressure to the head and spine to address tension and promote healing.
- Rib Raising: Gently lifting the ribs to help stretch the fascia, improve breathing, and reduce back pain.
DOs vs. MDs: a comprehensive comparison
While the philosophical approach and the use of OMT set DOs apart, it is important to understand that in all 50 states, DOs are fully licensed physicians with the same practice rights as MDs. They complete rigorous medical education and residencies, often training alongside MDs, and can practice in any specialty. The key differences lie in their foundational philosophy and approach.
| Feature | Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO) | Doctor of Medicine (MD) |
|---|---|---|
| Licensing | Fully licensed physician in all 50 states. | Fully licensed physician in all 50 states. |
| Education | 4 years of osteopathic medical school, including 300-500 extra hours of OMT training. | 4 years of allopathic medical school. |
| Philosophy | Holistic, whole-person approach; emphasizes interconnectedness of body systems. | Traditional, allopathic approach; focuses on diagnosing and treating specific diseases or symptoms. |
| Treatment Methods | Uses all conventional medical treatments (medication, surgery) plus hands-on OMT. | Primarily uses conventional medical treatments (medication, surgery). |
| Preventive Focus | Strong emphasis on preventive care, lifestyle, and environment. | Focuses on prevention, though with less emphasis on the structural-functional link. |
| Specialization | Can specialize in any area (primary care, surgery, etc.). | Can specialize in any area (primary care, surgery, etc.). |
A DO's approach to general health
For general health and preventive care, a DO's holistic perspective means they are well-equipped to act as a primary care physician. During a visit, a DO will take the time to discuss more than just your immediate symptoms. They will ask about your lifestyle, diet, stress levels, and emotional well-being to gain a complete picture of your health. This comprehensive approach allows them to identify underlying causes of health issues and work with you to develop a personalized treatment plan.
The emphasis on preventive care is a cornerstone of osteopathic medicine. A DO often partners with patients to help them develop healthy habits and make lifestyle changes that can prevent illness before it starts. By promoting wellness in body, mind, and spirit, they empower patients to take an active role in their own long-term health.
The growing field of osteopathic medicine
The field of osteopathic medicine is one of the fastest-growing segments in healthcare. With a focus on patient-centered care and the body's natural healing abilities, DOs offer a valuable and comprehensive perspective to modern medicine. Their ability to combine the latest scientific advancements with a unique hands-on approach provides patients with a wide range of diagnostic and treatment options.
Whether you are dealing with chronic pain, a specific illness, or are simply looking for a physician who will treat you as a whole person, understanding what does an osteopathic doctor do can help you find the right healthcare partner. Their commitment to treating the interconnected body, mind, and spirit is a powerful tool in achieving and maintaining optimal health.
Visit the American Osteopathic Association website for more information on the field.
