The central bone in the chest, known clinically as the sternum, is also commonly called the breastbone. This T-shaped bone is a vital component of the human skeleton, protecting the heart, lungs, and other major structures from injury. Its location and connections to the ribs and clavicles make it a significant anatomical landmark and a key feature in chest mechanics.
The Anatomy of the Sternum
Composed of three distinct segments, the sternum resembles an upside-down sword or dagger. The sections fuse together in adulthood, though the joints between them can occasionally remain distinct, leading to variations in anatomy.
- Manubrium: This is the broad, handle-like top portion of the sternum. It articulates with the clavicles (collarbones) and the cartilage of the first pair of ribs. A notable depression called the suprasternal or jugular notch is located at its top.
- Body (Gladiolus): The longest and flattest part of the sternum, the body lies in the center of the chest. It connects directly to the manubrium at a noticeable ridge called the sternal angle (or angle of Louis) and provides attachment points for the costal cartilages of the 3rd through 7th pairs of ribs.
- Xiphoid Process: The smallest, lowest, and most pointed part of the sternum, the xiphoid process is mostly cartilage until it begins to harden (ossify) with age. Its size and shape can vary greatly among individuals. It serves as an attachment point for the diaphragm, a critical muscle for breathing, as well as abdominal muscles.
The Vital Function of the Sternum
The primary function of the sternum is protection. Together with the ribs, it forms the anterior portion of the rib cage, creating a bony shield for the vital organs and vessels located within the chest cavity, known as the mediastinum. This includes the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels.
In addition to its protective role, the sternum's connections via costal cartilages provide flexibility to the chest wall, which is essential for breathing. This allows the chest to expand and contract with each breath. The structural integrity and health of the sternum and surrounding cartilage are therefore crucial for normal respiratory function and organ safety.
Common Causes of Sternal Pain
Pain in the middle of the chest is a common complaint with many possible causes, many of which are not heart-related. It's important to understand the distinctions.
- Costochondritis: One of the most common causes of sternum pain, costochondritis is the inflammation of the cartilage that connects the ribs to the sternum. It often causes sharp or stabbing chest pain that can be mistaken for a heart attack but is typically harmless.
- Muscle Strain: Overuse or injury to the chest muscles, such as the pectoralis major, can cause pain in the sternal area. This is common after strenuous exercise, heavy lifting, or repeated coughing.
- Sternal Fracture: A fracture of the breastbone, though uncommon, can occur from significant blunt force trauma, such as a car accident or a direct blow to the chest.
- Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): Acid reflux can cause a burning sensation behind the sternum, known as heartburn, which can sometimes be confused with chest pain.
- Other Conditions: Less common causes include sternoclavicular joint injuries, infections (like osteomyelitis), and conditions affecting the xiphoid process.
Comparison of Sternum-Related Chest Pain vs. Heart-Related Pain
| Feature | Musculoskeletal (e.g., Costochondritis) | Cardiac (e.g., Heart Attack) |
|---|---|---|
| Onset | Often sudden, following a specific movement or activity. | Can be sudden or gradual; may appear after exertion. |
| Sensation | Sharp, stabbing, or pressure-like pain that worsens with movement, deep breaths, or coughing. | Often described as a squeezing, fullness, or heavy pressure. |
| Location | Typically localized to the sternum and the ribs, and is tender to the touch. | Often felt in the center or left side of the chest, potentially radiating to the arms, neck, jaw, or back. |
| Associated Symptoms | Tenderness over the ribs or sternum. | Accompanied by shortness of breath, nausea, sweating, or lightheadedness. |
| Relief | May improve with rest, anti-inflammatory medication, or changes in position. | Typically not relieved by rest or position changes; requires immediate medical attention. |
Self-Care and Home Remedies for Sternal Pain
For non-serious cases of sternal pain, particularly from musculoskeletal causes, several home remedies can provide relief.
- Rest: Avoid any strenuous activities, heavy lifting, or movements that exacerbate the pain. This gives inflamed cartilage and strained muscles a chance to heal.
- Heat or Cold Therapy: Apply a heating pad or ice pack to the affected area for 10-15 minutes at a time. Heat helps relax tense muscles, while cold can reduce inflammation and swelling.
- Over-the-Counter Medication: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen or naproxen can help reduce pain and inflammation. Acetaminophen may also relieve pain.
- Gentle Stretching: Once the initial, acute pain subsides, gentle chest stretches and postural exercises can help improve mobility and alleviate pressure. Diaphragmatic breathing exercises can also be beneficial.
- Proper Posture: Maintaining good posture can reduce strain on the rib cage and chest muscles.
When to Seek Medical Attention for Chest Pain
While many causes of sternal pain are benign, some symptoms warrant immediate medical evaluation. Never hesitate to seek help for new or severe chest pain.
- Call 911 immediately if you experience: sudden, severe chest pain; pain that spreads to your arms, neck, jaw, or back; chest tightness, squeezing, or pressure; shortness of breath; sweating; nausea; or lightheadedness.
- Contact a doctor for evaluation if: pain persists or worsens over time; you develop a fever; or pain is accompanied by swelling, redness, or pus around the ribs.
Conclusion
For those asking "what is the word for the middle of the chest?," the answer is the sternum, or breastbone. This central chest bone is crucial for protecting the body's most vital organs and facilitating respiration. While many instances of sternal pain are due to common, non-life-threatening conditions like costochondritis or muscle strain, it is critical to recognize the signs of a medical emergency. Understanding the sternum's anatomy and function, and knowing when to seek professional medical advice, is key to maintaining overall health and peace of mind when experiencing chest pain.
