Which definition of health and wellness is most accurate?

September 30, 2025 •

2 min read

The World Health Organization (WHO) defined health in 1948 as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”. This definition introduced a holistic perspective, sparking debate over which definition of health and wellness is most accurate.

Quick Summary

Comparing definitions of health and wellness, from the traditional, reactive model to modern holistic approaches. Discusses the World Health Organization's definition, the multidimensional nature of wellness, and the role of individual subjectivity and dynamic factors in well-being.

Key Points

Holistic View is Key: The most accurate definition combines the objective state of health with the proactive, subjective journey of wellness.
Health as a Foundation: The traditional view of health as the absence of disease is a starting point, while wellness is the continuous enhancement of life.
Wellness is Multidimensional: Modern wellness encompasses multiple interconnected areas.
Subjectivity is Crucial: How an individual perceives their well-being is vital.
Health is Dynamic: Well-being is a fluid, ever-changing process.
Empowerment Through Action: Embracing wellness means taking intentional steps.

Evolving Beyond the Absence of Disease

Historically, health was narrowly defined as the absence of illness. This traditional medical model focused on treating sickness. Modern perspectives recognize this definition is insufficient, as individuals with chronic conditions can still experience high quality of life. Contemporary understanding views well-being as a dynamic and subjective journey.

The Seminal WHO Definition and Its Critics

The World Health Organization's 1948 definition significantly broadened the concept of health. This definition was progressive in including mental and social dimensions and presenting health as a positive asset. However, the term “complete” has been criticized for setting an unrealistic standard that could label most people as unhealthy. Some argue “complete” was intended qualitatively, meaning all components of health must be present, rather than implying a state of perfection.

The Multidimensional Framework of Wellness

While health provides a foundation, wellness represents a proactive commitment to a flourishing life. It expands on the holistic view of health by encompassing multiple interconnected dimensions. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) outlines eight dimensions of wellness:

Emotional Wellness: Managing stress and expressing feelings.
Physical Wellness: Prioritizing bodily health.
Spiritual Wellness: Cultivating purpose and meaning.
Social Wellness: Nurturing relationships and connections.
Intellectual Wellness: Engaging in learning.
Occupational Wellness: Finding satisfaction in work.
Environmental Wellness: Living in supportive surroundings.
Financial Wellness: Managing finances for security.

The Dynamic and Subjective Experience

Health and wellness are subjective and dynamic. Wellness offers a framework for building resilience by actively nurturing its dimensions. Perception of well-being is personal, shaped by values and culture. Holistic care integrates subjective experience with objective data.

Comparison: Health vs. Wellness

To illustrate distinctions, the table below compares key aspects.


Feature	Health	Wellness
Primary Focus	Absence of disease.	Active pursuit of well-being.
Nature	Often reactive.	Proactive and preventive.
Evaluation	Mostly objective.	Often subjective.
Dimensions	Traditionally physical, mental, social.	Multidimensional.
Endpoint	Can be viewed as a destination.	A dynamic and ongoing journey.

No Single Answer: The Power of a Holistic View

A singular definition is insufficient. The most effective approach integrates both: health as the foundational state and wellness as the proactive journey. This holistic perspective acknowledges that well-being is a dynamic interplay of lifestyle, environment, and personal fulfillment.

Conclusion: A Personalized Approach to Thriving

An accurate understanding is personal and holistic, embracing the interconnectedness of body, mind, and spirit. It views well-being as a continuous process driven by conscious choices that build resilience. The most effective path combines medical health and personal wellness to support a fulfilling life. For more resources, explore the {Link: SAMHSA https://www.samhsa.gov/}.

Frequently Asked Questions

Health is typically defined as a state of being, often measured objectively. Wellness, in contrast, is an active, multidimensional process of making choices to achieve a more fulfilled existence.

The WHO's 1948 definition includes the phrase “complete well-being,” which some critics interpret as an unattainable ideal. They argue this sets an unrealistic standard.

According to SAMHSA, the eight dimensions are emotional, physical, spiritual, social, intellectual, occupational, environmental, and financial wellness.

Yes, absolutely. Wellness is a proactive journey, and a person with a chronic condition can still be actively engaged in their wellness journey.

A holistic view is important because it recognizes that all aspects of a person's life are interconnected. Neglecting one dimension can impact overall well-being.

Subjectivity is crucial because an individual's personal experiences define what well-being means to them. Professionals must consider a patient's subjective input alongside objective data.

Wellness is primarily a proactive approach focused on prevention. Health, in a traditional sense, is often seen as more reactive and treatment-oriented.