What is Off-Gassing and What Causes It?
Off-gassing is the process by which volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are released into the air from solid or liquid materials. In mattresses, this is often the cause of that distinct "new mattress smell." This smell can come from a variety of sources, most of which are synthetic and petroleum-based materials used in manufacturing to provide comfort, support, and fire resistance.
The primary culprits for high VOC emissions in mattresses include:
- Polyurethane and Memory Foam: These petroleum-based foams are a major source of off-gassing. The chemicals used to produce their unique properties can continue to be released into the air for weeks, months, or even years.
- Chemical Flame Retardants: To meet fire safety standards, many mattresses are treated with chemical flame retardants, some of which have been linked to health concerns and can contribute to VOC emissions. Alternatives include natural fire barriers like wool.
- Adhesives and Finishes: Strong industrial glues are used to bind different layers of a mattress together, and these can release formaldehyde and other chemicals into your sleeping environment.
- Other Synthetics: Materials like synthetic latex and certain fabrics can also contribute to the chemical cocktail found in many conventional mattresses.
The Role of VOCs in Your Sleep Environment
Volatile organic compounds are a broad category of chemicals, and not all are harmful. However, many of the specific VOCs associated with conventional mattresses, such as formaldehyde, benzene, and toluene, are known to have negative health effects. Since we spend approximately one-third of our lives in bed, our mattresses can be a significant and continuous source of exposure to these airborne chemicals. Potential health effects range from short-term issues like headaches, nausea, and respiratory irritation to more concerning long-term risks with chronic exposure. This is particularly relevant for children, who spend more time sleeping and have developing immune systems.
Natural vs. Synthetic: The Material Difference
Not all mattresses are created equal when it comes to material composition and potential off-gassing. There is a clear distinction between conventional and natural/organic options.
Conventional Mattresses
These typically rely on synthetic materials like polyurethane and memory foam. The manufacturing process often involves a cocktail of chemicals and adhesives that are the primary source of VOC off-gassing. Even after the initial smell fades, some level of emissions can persist.
Natural and Organic Mattresses
These are made from materials like certified organic cotton, wool, and natural latex derived from rubber trees. Manufacturers of these products often avoid petroleum-based foams, harsh chemical flame retardants, and industrial glues. While even natural materials can have some level of odor, the emissions from these mattresses are typically very low and are not associated with harmful VOCs.
Navigating Certifications for Low-VOC Mattresses
Because federal regulations on mattress chemicals are limited, third-party certifications are your best tool for identifying low-VOC options. Look for these reputable standards:
- CertiPUR-US: Certifies the polyurethane foam used in a mattress is made without certain harmful chemicals (like ozone depleters and heavy metals) and has low VOC emissions.
- GREENGUARD Gold: This rigorous standard verifies that a finished mattress has very low chemical emissions, ensuring it contributes to healthier indoor air quality.
- Global Organic Latex Standard (GOLS): Ensures that the latex used in a mattress is organic and free from synthetic fillers.
- Global Organic Textile Standard (GOTS): The world's leading standard for textiles made from organic fibers, including organic cotton and wool.
- MADE SAFE®: A comprehensive certification that screens for a wide range of harmful chemicals.
Comparison of Conventional vs. Certified Mattresses
| Feature | Conventional Mattresses | Certified Low-VOC Mattresses |
|---|---|---|
| Primary Materials | Petroleum-based polyurethane, memory foam, synthetic flame retardants, industrial adhesives | Natural latex, organic cotton, organic wool, plant-based foams |
| VOC Emission | Higher risk of significant off-gassing, with potential for harmful compounds like formaldehyde, benzene, and toluene | Low or no harmful VOCs, verified by third-party testing |
| Certifications | Few to none, or may only certify foam component (e.g., CertiPUR-US only covers the foam) | Carries multiple certifications like CertiPUR-US, GREENGUARD Gold, GOTS, GOLS, or MADE SAFE |
| Initial Odor | Strong, distinct chemical smell that can last for days or weeks | Minimal or no chemical odor; any scent is often natural and fades quickly |
| Health Impact | Potential for respiratory irritation, headaches, and long-term risks associated with chemical exposure | Reduces risk of chemical exposure and contributes to healthier indoor air quality |
Reducing VOC Exposure from Your Mattress
If you are concerned about your current mattress or are preparing a new one, there are steps you can take to minimize VOC exposure.
- Airing Out New Mattresses: Unbox a new mattress in a well-ventilated area, like a garage or spare room, for several days or up to a week. This allows the initial off-gassing to dissipate outside your living space.
- Use Proper Ventilation: Ensure your bedroom has good air circulation. Opening windows or using a fan can help clear the air. A high-efficiency HEPA filter can also help remove airborne particles.
- Consider a Mattress Cover: Some consumers use a protective mattress cover designed to create a barrier between you and the mattress materials. This can help with certain emissions and is also great for allergy protection.
- Research Before You Buy: The best way to reduce exposure is to proactively choose a mattress made with low- or no-VOC materials. Look for the certifications mentioned above and verify them with the manufacturer.
Conclusion: Making the Healthier Choice
In conclusion, the claim that do all mattresses emit VOCs is a generalization that overlooks the significant differences between mattress types. While most conventional mattresses do off-gas to some degree, those made with certified organic and natural materials offer a much safer, lower-VOC alternative for a healthier sleep environment. By educating yourself on materials and looking for trusted third-party certifications, you can make an informed decision that benefits your overall health and indoor air quality.
For more detailed information on VOCs, consult the US Environmental Protection Agency website to understand their broader impact on indoor air quality.
